Scars are a natural part of the healing process, but sometimes the body’s response goes beyond what is necessary. Instead of fading, scars can grow larger, thicker, and more noticeable, becoming what are known as keloids. While they are not harmful to physical health, keloids can affect appearance, comfort, and self-confidence. Gaining a clear understanding of keloids, their causes, and available treatments is essential for anyone who experiences them.
What Exactly Is a Keloid?
A keloid is an abnormal form of scar that develops due to an overproduction of collagen during the healing process. Unlike regular scars, keloids extend beyond the original wound site, often growing into raised, firm tissue that feels smooth and rubbery. They may continue to enlarge even after the initial injury has fully healed.
Keloids can appear after various types of skin trauma, such as:
- Cuts or deep wounds
- Surgical incisions
- Burns
- Acne scars
- Tattoos or piercings
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Why Do Some People Develop Keloids?
Not everyone who sustains a skin injury develops keloids, which suggests that certain risk factors make some individuals more prone to them. These include:
- Genetic influences: Family history of keloids increases the likelihood.
- Skin type: People with darker skin tones, especially those of African, Asian, or Latin descent, are at higher risk.
- Age: Keloids tend to appear more often in young adults between 10 and 30 years old.
- Location on the body: Common sites include the chest, shoulders, jawline, and earlobes.
Signs and Symptoms of Keloids
Keloids can vary in size and color, but they share some common characteristics. Typical signs include:
- A raised scar that extends beyond the boundaries of the original injury
- Firm, thickened tissue with a shiny surface
- Discoloration, ranging from pink or red to darker shades than the surrounding skin
- Persistent growth over time
- Itching, tenderness, or occasional pain
Although keloids are benign and not cancerous, they can cause discomfort and aesthetic concerns, particularly when located on visible parts of the body.
Treatment Approaches for Keloids
Because keloids are persistent and prone to recurrence, treatment can be challenging. However, several therapies can help improve appearance and reduce discomfort.
1. Corticosteroid Injections
Doctors often recommend steroid injections to flatten keloids and reduce inflammation. Treatment usually requires multiple sessions for noticeable improvement.
2. Laser Treatment
Laser therapy targets the pigmentation and thickness of keloids, making them less prominent. It is most effective when combined with other treatment methods.
3. Surgical Excision
Surgical removal can eliminate the keloid, but it carries a risk of recurrence. To lower this risk, physicians may combine surgery with radiation therapy or injections.
4. Cryotherapy
Freezing the keloid with liquid nitrogen can reduce its size, particularly in early stages or smaller scars.
5. Silicone Sheets and Gels
These topical treatments help soften keloids and flatten scar tissue over time. They are easy to use and suitable for long-term management.
6. Radiation Therapy
Low-dose radiation, used after surgical removal, can prevent regrowth in difficult cases. It is typically considered only when other treatments have not worked.
Preventive Measures
Prevention is often the best strategy, especially for people who already know they are prone to keloids. Practical steps include:
- Avoid unnecessary piercings or tattoos.
- Protect skin from injury whenever possible.
- Use silicone-based products after surgery or wounds to minimize scarring.
- Follow post-surgical care instructions carefully to reduce excessive scar tissue formation.
Emotional and Social Effects
Keloids can have an impact beyond physical appearance. Many individuals report decreased confidence, social anxiety, and self-consciousness due to visible scarring. Support from dermatologists, cosmetic specialists, or even counseling can help individuals cope with these challenges while pursuing treatment.
Final Thoughts
Keloids are a result of the body’s attempt to heal but with an excessive response. While they are not harmful in a medical sense, they can be difficult to manage and often require professional treatment. With the right combination of medical care, preventive steps, and emotional support, individuals living with keloids can find effective ways to reduce their impact and improve overall quality of life.
